How do abstractions help in DIP?

Short answer: Abstractions (e.g., interfaces or abstract classes): Decouple components so changes in one don’t ripple through others Enable substitution of different implementations easily Allow for easier unit testing with mocks/stubs Promote extensibility and maintainability Serve as contracts that both high- and low-level modules depend on

Say this in the interview

1. Define — one clear sentence (the short answer above).
2. Example — relate it to a project like ShopNest or your real work.
3. Trade-off — when you would not use it.